Indonesia
1. Title of the survey
National Labour Force Survey.
2. Organisation responsible for the survey
Central Bureau of Statistics - CBS (Biro Pusat Statistik).
3. Coverage of the survey
(a) Geographical
The whole country (27 provinces).
(b) Persons covered
All persons who are residents
in private households throughout the country,
including members of the armed forces.
Excluded are unsettled and institutional populations, foreigners,
persons residing abroad and non-resident citizens.
The labour force consists of persons aged 10 years and over.
4. Periodicity of the survey
The survey is quarterly, conducted in February, May, August and
November of each year. Published results are annual averages.
5. Reference period
The seven days
preceding the enumeration day.
6. Topics covered by the survey
The survey provides information on employment, unemployment,
hours of work, wages,
industry, status in employment, and
level of education.
7. Concepts and definitions
(a) Employment
The employed consist of "those persons (aged 10 years and over)
who are currently
working plus those who have a job but are
temporarily absent from work during the reference week.
Persons are considered as currently working if they were working for
earnings or profit or assisting others in obtaining earnings or
profit for at least one hour during the reference week;
Unpaid family workers are included in this category.
People having a job but currently not working are those normally
working but absent during the reference week, such as government or
private employees on leave, on strike, ill, and farmers with farmland
waiting for harvest time or another reason."
Included in the employed are:
- full- and part-time workers seeking other work during the reference
week;
- full- and part-time students working full- or part-time;
- persons who performed some work for pay or profit during the
reference week, while being subject to compulsory schooling; or
retired and receiving a pension; or registered as jobseekers at an
employment office or receiving unemployment benefits;
- paid or unpaid apprentices and trainees;
- participants in employment promotion schemes;
- paid and unpaid family workers, including unpaid family
workers who were temporarily absent from work during the reference
week;
- private domestic servants;
- members of producers' co-operatives who actively participate in the
cooperatives;
- seasonal workers awaiting agricultural or other seasonal work;
- persons with a job but temporarily absent due to bad
weather or mechanical breakdown, labour-management dispute or other
reduction in economic activity, provided they will return to their
former job on a determined date;
- members of the armed forces.
Excluded from the employed and considered as out of the labour force are
persons engaged in own housework; and
persons doing unpaid
community or social work.
(b) Underemployment
This topic is not directly covered by the survey; however, data
could be derived from the information collected on working hours,
status in employment and economic activity.
(c) Unemployment
The unemployed comprise persons aged 10 years and over who,
during the reference week,
do not have any job
and are making some efforts to find a job,
or who have made arrangements to start a new job on a date subsequent
to the reference week.
They also include those persons who are without previous work
experience.
Also included are:
- full- and part-time students seeking full- or part-time work;
- members of producers' co-operatives not actively participating in
the co-operatives;
- persons without work, currently available for work but not seeking
work during the reference week for reasons such as short illness, short
courses, etc.
"Efforts to find a job" means having taken, during the reference week,
such steps as
registration
at an employment agency; direct contacts with an
establishment; etc.
(d) Hours of work
They refer to total hours actually worked in main activity and in
all jobs, during the reference week, including overtime, and excluding
time spent commuting from home to place of work (except for peddlers)
and formal meal breaks.
(e) Informal sector
This topic is not covered by the survey. The criteria used to identify
the informal sector are location, economic activity status and
occupation; however, occupation is not collected in the survey.
(f) Usual activity
This topic is not covered by the survey, but by Population Censuses and
the Intercensal Population Survey.
8. Classifications used
Only employed persons are classified by industry and
status in employment.
All persons aged 10 years and above are classified according to the
highest level of education completed.
(a) Industry
The national classification is the Standard Classification of Industries
of Indonesia. Since 1986, data for main industry are classified
according to five groups only, i.e. Agriculture; Manufacturing
industry; Trade; Services; and Others; the "others" group includes
Mining and quarrying; Electricity, gas and water; Construction;
Transportation, storage and communication; Financing, insurance, real
estate and business services.
(b) Occupation
Since 1986, data are no longer collected on occupation through the
Labour Force Survey; they are available through Population Censuses and
the Intercensal Population Survey.
(c) Status in employment
The following groups are used for coding status in employment in main
industry:
- Self-employed,
- Self-employed assisted by family member and/or temporarily worker,
- Employer,
- Employee,
- Family worker.
(d) Level of education/qualifications
Data are coded according to ten groups:
- Not attending school,
- Not completed primary school,
- Primary school,
- General junior high school,
- Vocational junior high school,
- General senior high school,
- Vocational senior high school,
- Diploma I/II,
- Academy/diploma III
- University.
9. Sample size and design
(a) The sample frame
A master frame is maintained by the CBS, which serves the purposes of
several kinds of household surveys. The country is divided into 27
provinces, 300 regencies (municipalities), 3,515 subdistricts and
66,156 villages. Each village is divided into a number of Enumeration
Districts (regular and special EDs) and each ED is subdivided into
two, three or four census blocks, each of them with a clear natural
boundary.
The master frame is updated on the basis of population and agricultural
censuses and administrative regulations.
(b) The sample
A multi-stage stratified sampling design is used: stratification is
done by urban and rural areas; a two-stage sampling design is used in
urban areas and a three-stage design in rural areas.
In urban areas, primary sampling units (PSUs) are census blocks
which are selected by systematic sampling method. From each sample PSU,
households are then systematically selected with equal sampling interval
(self-weighting design).
In rural areas, subdistricts (kecamatan) are selected in the first
stage, with probability equal to the number of census blocks. Then from
each sample subdistrict, two census blocks are selected randomly. In
the last stage, households are selected by systematic sampling method
from each sample census block.
The sampling interval for both urban and rural areas is specified by the
CBS Regional Office, so that the number of household units be 10 on
average per census block.
The total number of selected households for one year (four quarters) is
about 64,000 units, i.e. around 16,000 per quarter.
The sampling fraction is differentiated for each region and for rural
and urban areas. The overall sampling fraction is about 0.18 per cent.
Up to 1987, the sample was updated every two years and since 1988, it
is updated every year, using subsample rotation.
(c) Rotation
Half of the selected households remain in the sample for two consecutive
survey rounds. In 1986/87, a sampling unit was interviewed a maximum of
four times, and in 1988, only twice.
10. Field work
(a) Data collection
The CBS Regional office is responsible for the survey organisation and
personnel recruitment for each survey round. Data are collected by
personal interviews carried out mostly by permanent staff. Field work
takes place the last fortnight of the mid-month of each quarter.
(b) Substitution of ultimate sampling units
When a USU cannot be reached, it is replaced by the next or
previous selected household.
11. Quality controls
Comprehensive instructions are given to all enumerators; field
work and editing are controlled by supervisors (one for three to four
enumerators). At the processing stage, strict rules are applied with
regard to the despatch of questionnaires, their coding, editing,
validation and tabulation; validation operations can take up to
five cycles, before final data are tabulated.
12. Weighting the sample
Estimation is based on the latest total of "clean" USUs (i.e.
editable and accepted sample units).
The sample results are expanded to national estimates based on the total
number of persons aged 10 years and over in the sample and the total
population for each province (region) by urban/rural areas, derived
from population projections of the corresponding year.
13. Sampling errors
Not available.
14. Adjustments
(a) Population not covered
No adjustments are made.
(b) Under/overcoverage
No adjustments are made.
(c) Non-response
The non-response rate is not available. No adjustments are made.
15. Seasonal adjustment
No adjustment is made for seasonal variations.
16. Non-sampling errors
Not available.
17. History of the survey
In 1975 a pilot Labour Force Survey was conducted in Java
and Sumatra. It was followed by a National Labour Force
Survey conducted in September-December 1976, then by
quarterly surveys in 1977, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1987 and 1988.
18. Documentation
Biro Pusat Statistik (Central Bureau of Statistics):
"Keadaan Angkatan Kerja di Indonesia" (Labor Force Situation
in Indonesia) (annual) (Djakarta). Data are normally
published six to eight months after the end of the reference year.
idem: "Statistik Indonesia" (Statistical Year Book of
Indonesia) (ibid.).
Since 1988, the LFS results are also published in quarterly reports
which are available from the CBS. In addition, starting with the 1986
LFS, additional non-published results can be made available on tape,
upon request.